Stroke - Recovering after a stroke

Psychological impact

Two of the most common psychological problems that can affect people after a stroke are:

depression – many people experience intense bouts of crying and feel hopeless and withdrawn from social activities
anxiety – where people experience general feelings of fear and anxiety, sometimes punctuated by intense, uncontrolled feelings of anxiety (anxiety attacks)

Feelings of anger, frustration and bewilderment are also common.

You will receive a psychological assessment from a member of your healthcare team soon after your stroke to check if you are experiencing any emotional problems.

Advice should be given to help deal with the psychological impact of stroke. This includes the impact on relationships with other family members and any sexual relationship. There should also be a regular review of any problems of depression and anxiety, and psychological and emotional symptoms generally.

These problems may settle down over time but if they are severe or last a long time, GPs can refer people for expert healthcare from a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist.

For some people, medicines and psychological therapies, such as counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help. CBT is a therapy that aims to change the way you think about things to produce a more positive state of mind.

Want to know more?

The Stroke Association: emotional changes after stroke (PDF, 347kb)
The Stroke Association: Stroke Helpline

Cognitive impact

'Cognitive' is a term used by scientists to refer to the many processes and functions our brain uses to process information.

One or more cognitive functions can be disrupted by a stroke, including:

communication – both verbal and written
spatial awareness – having a natural awareness of where your body is in relation to your immediate environment
memory
concentration
executive function – the ability to plan, solve problems and reason about situations
praxis – the ability to carry out skilled physical activities, such as getting dressed or making a cup of tea

As part of your treatment, each one of your cognitive functions will be assessed and a treatment and rehabilitation plan will be created.

You can be taught a wide range of techniques that can help you re-learn disrupted cognitive functions, such as recovering communication skills through speech therapy (see below).

There are also many methods to compensate for any loss of cognitive function, such as using memory aids, diaries and routines to help plan daily tasks.

Most cognitive functions will return after time and rehabilitation but you may find that they do not return to their former levels.

The damage that a stroke causes to your brain also increases the risk of developing vascular dementia. The dementia may happen immediately after a stroke or may develop some time after the stroke occurred.

Want to know more?

The Stroke Association: memory, thinking and understanding after stroke (PDF, 370kb)
The Stroke Association: dementia after stroke (PDF, 361kb)

Movement problems

Strokes can cause weakness or paralysis in one side of the body and can result in problems with co-ordination and balance.

Many people also experience extreme tiredness (fatigue) in the first few weeks after a stroke, and may also have difficulty sleeping, making them even more tired.

As part of your rehabilitation you should be seen by a physiotherapist, who will assess the extent of any physical disability before drawing up a treatment plan.

Physiotherapy will often involve several sessions a week, focusing on areas such as exercises to improve your muscle strength and overcome any walking difficulties.

The physiotherapist will work with you by setting goals. At first, these may be simple goals such as picking up an object. As your condition improves, more demanding long-term goals, such as standing or walking, will be set.

A careworker or carer, such as a member of your family, will be encouraged to become involved in your physiotherapy. The physiotherapist can teach you both simple exercises you can carry out at home.

If you have problems with movement, you may also receive help from an occupational therapist, who can assess your ability to carry out everyday tasks and help find ways to manage any difficulties.

Occupational therapy may involve adapting your home or using equipment to make everyday activities easier, as well as trying to find alternative ways of carrying out tasks you have problems with.

Want to know more?

The Stroke Association: physiotherapy after stroke (PDF, 331kb)
The Stroke Association: occupational therapy after stroke (PDF, 284kb)

Communication problems

After having a stroke, many people experience problems with speaking and understanding, as well as with reading and writing.

This is called aphasia, or dysphasia, when it is caused by injury to the parts of the brain responsible for language. If the problems are caused by muscles involved in speech being affected, this is known as dysarthria.

You should see a speech and language therapist as soon as possible for an assessment, and to start therapy to help you with communication skills.

This may involve exercises to improve your control over your speech muscles, as well as using communication aids (such as letter charts and electronic aids) and alternative methods of communication (such as gestures or writing).

Swallowing problems

The damage caused by a stroke can interrupt your normal swallowing reflex, making it possible for small particles of food to enter your respiratory tract (windpipe).

Problems with swallowing are known as dysphagia. Dysphagia can lead to damage to your lungs, which can trigger a lung infection (pneumonia).

To prevent any complications from dysphagia, you may need to be fed using a feeding tube during the initial phases of your recovery. The tube is usually put into your nose and then passed into your stomach (nasogastric tube), but it may be directly connected to your stomach with a minor surgical procedure carried out using local anaesthetic (a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, or PEG, tube).

In the long-term, you will usually see a speech and language therapist several times a week for treatment to help manage your swallowing problems. This may involve tips to make swallowing easier (such as taking smaller bites of food and advice on posture) and exercises to help improve your control of the muscles involved in swallowing.

Visual problems

Stroke can sometimes damage the parts of the brain that receive, process and interpret information sent by the eyes. This can result in losing half of the field of vision – for example only being able to see the left or right hand side of what is in front of you.

Strokes can also affect the control of the movement of the eye muscles. This can cause double vision.

If you have any problems with your vision after a stroke, you will be referred to an eye specialist called an orthoptist who can assess your vision and suggest possible treatments.

For example, if you have lost part of your field of vision you may be offered eye movement therapy. This involves carrying out exercises to help you learn to look to the side with the reduced vision.

You may also be given advice about particular ways to perform tasks that can be difficult if your vision is reduced on one side, such as getting dressed.

Want to know more?

The Stroke Association: visual problems after stroke (PDF, 374kb)

Bladder and bowel control

Some strokes damage the part of the brain that controls bladder and bowel movements. This can result in urinary incontinence and difficulty with bowel control.

Some people who have had a stroke may regain bladder and bowel control quite quickly, but if you still have problems after leaving hospital, help is available from the hospital, your GP and specialist continence advisors.

Don’t be embarrassed – seek advice if you have a problem as there are lots of treatments that can help. These include bladder retraining exercises, medications, pelvic floor exercises and the use of incontinence products.

Read more about treating urinary incontinence.

Want to know more?

The Stroke Association: continence problems after stroke (PDF, 314kb)
Bladder and Bowel Foundation

Sex after a stroke

Having sex will not put you at higher risk of having a stroke.

There's no guarantee you won't have another stroke, but there's no reason why it should happen while you are having sex.

Even if you have been left with a severe disability, you can experiment with different positions and find new ways of being intimate with your partner.

Be aware that some medications can reduce your sex drive (libido), so make sure your doctor knows if you have a problem, there may be other medicines which can help.

Some men may experience erectile dysfunction after having a stroke. Speak to your GP or rehabilitation team if this is the case, as there are a number of treatments available that can help.

Read more about good sex and treating erectile dysfunction.

Want to know more?

The Stroke Association: sex after stroke (PDF, 306kb)

Driving after a stroke

If you have had a stroke, you cannot drive for one month. Whether you can return to driving depends on what long-term disabilities you may have and the type of vehicle you drive.

It is often not the physical problems that can make driving dangerous (such as pressing the pedals or holding the steering wheel) but the problems with concentration, reaction time and awareness that can develop after a stroke.

Your GP can advise about whether you can start driving again a month after your stroke or whether you need further assessment at a mobility centre.

Want to know more?

GOV.UK: stroke and driving
Rica guide: motoring after stroke

Preventing further strokes

If you have had a stroke, your chances of having another one are significantly increased.

Some studies have shown that, without treatment, you have around a 25% chance of having another stroke within five years and a 40% chance of having one within 10 years.

Therefore, you will usually require long-term treatment with medications aimed at improving the underlying risk factors for your stroke.

For example, you may need long-term treatment with medication to help lower your blood pressure, with anticoagulants or antiplatelets to reduce your risk of blood clots, or with statins to lower your cholesterol levels.

You will also be encouraged to make lifestyle changes to improve your general health and lower your stroke risk, such as eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, stopping smoking if you smoke and cutting down on the amount of alcohol you drink.

Caring for someone who has had a stroke

There are many ways you can provide support to a friend or relative who has had a stroke to speed up their rehabilitation process. These include:

helping to practice physiotherapy exercises in between their sessions with the physiotherapist
providing emotional support and reassurance their condition will improve with time
helping motivate the person to reach their long-term goals
adapting to any needs they may have, such as speaking slowly if they have communication problems

Caring for somebody after a stroke can be a frustrating and sometimes a lonely experience. The advice outlined below may help.

Be prepared for changed behaviour

Someone who has had a stroke can often seem as though they have had a change in personality and appear to act irrationally at times. This is due to the psychological and cognitive impact of a stroke. They may become angry or resentful towards you. Upsetting as it may be, try not to take it personally.

It is important to remember that a person will often start to return to their old self as their rehabilitation and recovery progresses.

Try to remain patient and positive

Rehabilitation can be a slow and frustrating process, and there will be periods of time when it appears little progress has been made.

Encouraging and praising any progress, no matter how small it may appear, can help motivate someone who has had a stroke to achieve their long-term goals.

Make time for yourself

If you are caring for someone who has had a stroke, it is important not to neglect your own physical and psychological wellbeing. Socialising with friends or pursuing leisure interests will help you cope better with the situation.

Ask for help

There are a wide range of support services and resources available for people recovering from strokes, and their families and carers. This ranges from equipment that can help with mobility, to psychological support for carers and families.

The hospital staff involved with the rehabilitation process can provide advice and relevant contact information.

Want to know more?